Spanking as a Way of Child Discipline

Parents use discipline to teach their children the difference between right and wrong. The type of discipline parents use is entirely up to them but, â€Å"ninety percent of parents say that they have used [spanking] as a mean of discipline on their child, and most parents say that it was used on them when they were youngsters† (James). Spanking is a form of discipline that has been used by many parents; but it is now becoming the method that is being frowned upon by most doctors and many parents. The American Academy of Pediatricians say that spanking might actually do more harm than good†(Eisenhauer), meaning that the spanking will not correct the problems that the child has, but only make them worse. In some countries around the globe, such as Norway and Sweden, elected officials have made it totally illegal for parents to spank their child. Since this happened Oakland, California has established an official â€Å"No Spanking Zone. † This proposes a question, is spanking a good form of discipline? From what the doctors say it certainly appears not to be and I think most parents tend to agree with them that spanking is not an acceptable form of discipline anymore. But according to the Critique of Anti-Spanking Study, found in Assertive Discipline, â€Å"experts do not all agree that spanking is harmful and some believe that mild spanking is a useful form of discipline† (Canter). Also the same study said â€Å"72% of people surveyed still find it acceptable to punish a child by spanking them† (Canter). These are very different conclusions than the one found by the other doctors and people asked above. Bringing the reader to the conclusion that all discipline is a form of opinion. Most opinions still lean toward spanking being a form of abuse and that spanking a child is totally unacceptable because striking a young child will not actually teach them to be good. Spanking also hurts children mentally and spanking a child is no different from hitting some one else. The majority of parents that hit their kids are at the point of frustration and anger where they feel that spanking is the last thing left for them to do. First, striking a child will not teach them to be good; it actually makes them change the way that they look at things. In fact Parents News says â€Å"spanking [children] may have some potentially long term effects such as increasing the misbehavior, aggression, violent or criminal behavior, impaired learning, depression, and in worst case suicide† (Kuttner 46). The items that are cited here are very alarming and they express the concern that spanking is more than just a punishment. As said before spanking â€Å"is the least effective way to discipline† a child for two reasons; both reasons teach the child nothing about the difference between right and wrong. The first fact is that spanking confuses the child. How can they tell what [the spanking] means† (James)? The reason that spanking confuses them is simply this; â€Å"parents are the example of the difference between right and wrong† (Edwards). Basically all spanking is doing is telling the child is that every time somebody does something wrong they should be smacked for the mistake they made. Secondly, spanking simply installs a sense of â€Å"fear and resentment† towards the parent. The only result that comes from making a child fear the parent is just reverse what is trying to be accomplished; discipline. On top of fearing the parent, the child will also lose respect for their parent and make the relationship between parent and child become very weak. â€Å"Discipline will not work if parents do not have a good relationship with their child† says Dr. Mark Wolraich (Canter). This quote just highlights how spanking a child will weaken the respect that is needed between child and parent. In turn, the child does not know that he/she did anything wrong because the child has no respect for the parent any more. These examples show how spanking does not teach the child to be good, but it changes the way that children approach things. Secondly, hitting a child also hurts them mentally. Children that are spanked not only lose respect for their parents but they also lose respect in themselves. They start to believe that they are bad kids and they may also think that their parents do not like them. But not only are these children troubled at home by being spanked, they are also troubled at school: â€Å"There is some evidence from a British study that [children] may be less able to learn because physical punishment reduces a child's I. Q. † (Burnett). This is one good example of how spanking is the wrong type of discipline because it show how the learning process is effected. The only thing that spanking helps children learn is that it is acceptable for them to use violence as a cure for any problem. Parents do not even know that they are mentally injuring their child as shown here: â€Å"although most parents who spank have good intentions, they may actually cause harm by training their children to deal with conflict by using violence† (Kuttner 48). Mental health is really affected by spanking because the child is confused between the difference of what is right and what is wrong. Spanking kids can also lead to mental problems down the road too. The life stories of notorious individuals- Adolf Hitler amongst them- record excessive physical punishment during childhood† (Edwards). This represents that spanking may have good short-term effects, but down the road physical punishment will cause your child to have severe mental problems. The worst part about spanking children is that it actually does not teach them to be better people, in fact it will only make them more aggressive towards others. It is just as bad to spank a child because it causes them to want to use force to solve their own problems. Hitting a child is no different than hitting someone else. Parenting Magazine says â€Å"hitting a child doesn't make teach them anything but to have a ‘might makes a right' attitude towards others† (Kuttner 52). This means that using spanking as a disciplinary method only teaches them that hitting someone when they do something wrong is the right thing to do. Another magazine that deals with parenting issues basically says the same thing about physical punishment. â€Å"We do not say to our children (most of us, anyway), ‘Hitting is right' or ‘Hitting is a good thing to do. We do not really believe that it is a good thing to hit people. Most of us are not ‘in favor' of hitting children. However, many of us (most of us, actually) behave as if it is a good thing to do† says Murray Straus, a journalist for Parents. I think that the main problem is that parents are not informed well enough on the issue that spanking is so bad. The last quote shows that parents are totally unaware that they are even hurting their child because the parents â€Å"behave as if it is a good thing to do. Another thing that was brought to my attention was this: â€Å"studies of whole prisons populations all over the Western world show that criminals who used violence on their victims almost invariably had violence used against them when they were children† (Straus 131). I think that this also ties back to hitting being a way to solve problems, but in these circumstances the inmates used much more than just hitting. This also shows that when you hit a child it will effect them sometime in their life. Aggression is another thing that has been found to be effected by physical punishment. â€Å"Children have been found to be more aggressive when spanked for punishment than other children that have been disciplined by other means,† says Nancy Breen (Breen). Spanking is a type of discipline that brings out aggression in children and teaches child that it is acceptable for them to hit others. In turn, hitting a child is no different than hitting someone else. The main reason that parents still insist on using spanking as a form of discipline is because they see quick results. We felt the time outs and things weren't working for him and so we found that just a little smack on the behind would get his attention enough to where you could discipline him†, said Andrea Fouriezos in an interview with Parenting Magazine. But this simply means that the parents are using spanking as a last resort type of punishment. This is really bad because they are using it out of frustration and when nothing else is working. I think Dr. Mark Wolraich said it best we he said, â€Å"we're encouraging [parents] to look for other alternatives which have been shown to be effective† (Straus 128). If a doctor encourages other forms of discipline than one has to know that spanking is the wrong approach to disciplining your child. In conclusion to spanking your child, I feel it is a very bad approach when attempting to discipline your child. Not only does spanking effect them mentally it also does not teach them to be good. Plus, spanking teaches children that violence is the cure to every problem. So next time when your child does something wrong please consider an alternative method of discipline other than spanking them because it will only lead to more problems when the child gets older.

People and Organization- Human Resources, Semco

Section one: Introduction to SEMCO I don't want to know where Semco is headed. It doesn't unnerve me to see nothing on the company's horizon. I want Semco and its employees to ramble through their days, to use instinct, opportunity, and ingenuity to choose projects and ventures. † – Ricardo Semler, CEO, Semco Semco was established in 1953 by Austrian engineer Antonio Curt Semler. Company started with manufacturing of centrifuges for vegetable oil industry but soon owing to development in naval area it sown its seeds in manufacturing of variety of equipments like hydraulic & load pumps, axles,etc. In 1980’s when Ricardo Frank Semler, founder’s son took over, company explored various other segments & started manufacturing industrial refrigeration equipments, air-conditioners, food processors & mixers for chemical & mining industry. In 1990’s company moved into innovative service area. ERM Brazil (Environmental consultancy), Cushman & Wakefield (real estate consultancy), Semco Johnson controls (facilities in industrial sector), are the classic examples of companies efforts to establish network across the globe. Year 2000 onwards Semco extended its arms into electrical and civil maintenance services by forming Semco Manutencao. It formed partnership with Pitney Bowes & marked its existence in postal and document management solutions. Semco venture also entered bio-energy market and formed BRENCO (Brazilian Renewable Energy Company) in 2006. (web1) Purpose of Study To study standard organizational design & structure, theoretical models of human resource planning in terms of recruitment, retention, success planning & to compare these aspects with similar models operational in Semco organization, to define the deviations & to critically evaluate the approach used by Semco. Organizational Structure Conventional v/s â€Å"Semco Way† Every organization has its own structure & culture. Organizational structure is basically framework which can be defined and altered over a period of time while culture cannot be altered. It is very difficult to design or change culture within the organization. Structure and culture within organization goes hand in hand. It is essential for the organization designer to classify tasks based on mainly four concepts of Function, Territory, Product & Time-Period in order to get work done in organized manner. (Torrington, 1998) â€Å"Organizations are as different and varied as the nations and the societies of the world. They have different cultures-sets of values & norms ad beliefs-reflected in different structures & systems and the cultures are affected by the events of the past and by the climate of the present, by the technology of the type of work, by their aims and the kind of people that work in them† (Handy 1993, p. 180) best defines the organizational structure & culture co-relation. Three forms of conventional organizational structures are compared with the democratic form of Semco’s organizational structure. THE ENTREPRENEURIAL FORM OF STRUCTURE CONVENTIONAL THEME 1. This form emphasis central power. . Power is concentrated in hands of one person or a group called as ‘key entity’. 3. As the business expands this type of structure becomes unviable since too many peripheral decisions cannot be made without taking approval of the ‘key entity’, 4. This form is suitable for small and growing organizations as they owe their existence to expertise or initiat ive or just one or two members. 5. It is difficult if by any means ‘key entity’ leaves the organization. It would be difficult to maintain business in the event of new non potential ‘key entity’. SEMCO WAY 1. It is a unique kind of ‘open management model’ wherein power and rights are equally distributed amongst the group members from the respective departments, but care is taken to see that it’s not misused. 2. The hierarchical signs are removed, everyone is treated equal. 3. Peripheral decisions can be made by implementing democratic way. 4. This form is suitable for developed and expanding organizations which are financially strong. 5. Even if the ‘key entity’ leaves the organization the system is in place and the process of production or delivering services is not affected. FUNCTIONAL DESIGN CONVENTIONAL THEME . Positions, terms & departments are designed based on specific activities. 2. It is most widely used & accepted form of departmentalization, since grouping tasks and employees by function can be efficient & economical. 3. It is possible for members in group to undertake similar tasks & troubleshoot similar problems. 4. Employees are not in direct contact with the clients; hence they fail to meet the customer’s expectations, except marketing product line. 5. It is effective for organizations having narrow product line, competing in uniform environment, pursuing low cost or focused business strategy. hellriegel, 2005) SEMCO WAY 1. Positions, terms & departments are designed by the owner based on functions. Labors are allowed to select wages & their own managers. 2. The employee has only four titles Counselors who are like vice presidents, Partners who runs the business units, Coordinators who are part of first level management, & Associates who are workers. 3. The factory workers set their own production quotas, come in on their own time, help to redesign the products they make & formulate the marketing plans. 4. The ompany is divided in individual business units which are self governed, managers run business units with freedom, determining business strategies without interference from the top. 5. Semco undertakes part nership with established foreign companies & give them access to customers, risk monitoring & extensive network of contacts. They seek partner who has domain in their product & services. (web 2) PRODUCT DESIGN CONVENTIONAL THEME 1. Self contained units are established. Each unit is capable of developing, manufacturing, marketing & distributing its own goods or service. . Organizations that produce multiple goods & services generally adapt this type of structure. 3. Problems arise when new product line is established or there are diverse customers or there is complexity in technological advances in functional design. Product design takes care of these limitations. 4. Company generally start with functional design & add some features in order to meet limitations of the functional design in terms of management aspects. Generally company doesn’t completely discard the features of function organization. hellriegel, 2007) SEMCO WAY ORGANISATION STRUCTURE OF SEMCO THREE CO –C ENTRIC CIRCLES FIRST CIRCLE CONSIST COUNSELLORS SECOND CIRCLE CONSISTS PARTNERS THIRD CIRCLE CONSISTS ASSOCIATES 1. Semco devised a new structure which had three concentric rings. 2. The small innermost circle consisted of 6 counselors who determined general policy & strategy, and attempted to catalyze the action of those in the second circle. Each of the counselors took a six month turn as a CEO. 3. The second circle, known as partners included 7-10 leaders of each Semco division. . All remaining employees comprised the third circle, scattered within this circles are the triangles representing permanent & temporary team leaders. Marketing, sales & production managers, engineers and foreman all fell within this classification. 5. The managers work as facilitators providing workers with the tools they need make informed decisions. Managers provides training, information (financial & operations), & all other necessary support for workers to perform their jobs more effectively. (Maveri ck, 1993) Critical Evaluation Semco’s organization is based on three core values employee participation, profit sharing & free flow of information. These core values are in line with the variables of socio-structural model of empowerment which are power, information, knowledge & rewards. Hence the hypotheses which were derived from the author’s understanding of the theories were easily verified. Other companies may have achieved workplace democracy in other ways by having their own pattern of working. Liberty given to the employees would benefit only if there is supervisory control otherwise it may happen that there is misuse of the available resources. Human Resource Planning Recruitment & Retention Recruitment plays a vital role in any industry. Whenever there is vacancy, individual is recruited after he is being thoroughly evaluated. It is essential to find out how the vacancy is generated, either because someone has left the job or there is the expansion within the company. Recruiting a person just because there is vacancy owing to person leaving the job is the appropriate way but not mandatory. Employer can reorganize the work within present employees, or ask them to work overtime, subcontract the work or make it part time in order to reduce the expenses. It would be ideal to find out the nature of job, aspects of the job that specify type of candidature, highlight the job profile to the applicant before recruiting a candidate. There are several ways through which people are recruited. Once employers realized a need to fill the vacancy within the department or in organization, he can recruit by several means. Survey (Torrington, 1998) Investigated the method used by more than 1000 professionals when they were questioned (Torrington 1998) Table: Usage of various methods of recruitment by more than 1000 professional questioned. Advertisement in regional press87% Advertisement in specialist press80% Advertisement in national press78% Job centers71% Employment agencies62% Recruitment consultants61% Executive search consultants36% Career Conventions35% Open days32% Recruitment fairs 32% University ‘milk rounds’21% Radio advertising17% Other forms of recruitment6% (Source: Torrington Hall, 1998) There are various selection methods available and employer needs to implement combination of those available since one method won’t suit the requirements. Choice is generally dependent upon selection criteria for the post to be filled, administrative ease, accuracy, cost, time factor, abilities of the staff involved in the selection process etc. Interviewing is the most popular method of selection. Bio-data of the candidate is initially asked for. It is checked whether candidate meets the necessary specification and has relevant work experience in the same field, if found so he is been called for the interview or rounds of interview, where his domain is thoroughly checked either through verbal interaction or through written test. Written test generally includes Aptitude tests, General Intelligence test, Trainability test, Personality test & Attainment test. Critical features of test use being validity, reliability, use of interpretation & context of texts. Group selection methods are also used if there are more candidates applying for one job. Three main types of group tasks were invented by Plumbley (1985) Leaderless group, command or executive exercises & group problem solving. Also at times for critical job profiles there is factual as well as character check wherein candidate is asked to get references. Other methods include hiring a consultant or recruitment agency that would already interview the candidate and filter out the one from the masses. It reduces efforts of the employer since candidate is interviews before by the agency for the desired profile. Also sometimes candidate is asked to fill the application form and submit it, wherein entire details of the candidate are asked for. Application form is customized per the need of profile unlike bio-data which has information which may or may not be useful for that particular job profile. (Torrington Hall 1998) Retention is generally maintained by introducing attractive policies for welfare of the employees, giving employee shares of the company at very low rate, market supplements, revising salary structure, providing with additional perks and cost to company components, depending upon the nature of appraisal received from colleagues and subordinates. Providing employees with free medical facilities, pension schemes, and loans at affordable rates encourages employee to stay with organization. Semco has altogether different way of recruiting people and retaining them. Ricardo Semler, CEO of the company believes that workers or the Associates have the liberty to recruit their managers. In short the subordinates have the right to choose with whom they wish to work. Since everyone is treated equal in Semco, owner doesn’t interfere with the decisions taken by the subordinates. People that are to be hired to leadership positions are interviewed and approved by all with whom he/she will be working with. Twice a year subordinate receives questionnaire that enables them to anonymously say what they think about their boss and evaluate their performance. Anyone that gets constantly bad grades at the evaluation usually leaves Semco (average is 80 out of 100) Preference is also given to friend or acquaintances of employees, but no family member is considered for job at Semco if all these ways fails then they move for head hunters & newspapers. Semco business unit has a committee comprising everyone from different operations. Members in the committee have time off, with pay to do their work they also have job security as in they cannot be fired while they serve on committee. Semco has another salary programme called as ‘risk salary’in which about third of employees have the pay cut of upto 25% and then receiving supplement raise of 125% of normal salary if company is making profit. (Maverick, 1993) References: 1. Torrington & Hall (1998) Human Resource Management. Edition 4. Prentice hall, Europe 2. Slocum/Hellriegel (2007) Fundamentals of Organizational Behavior International student edition, USA. 3. Semler, Ricardo (1993). Maverick! Century random house UK. 4. Semler, Ricardo (2003). The Seven Day Weekend. UK Century. 5. Hackman, J. R, & Oldham, G. R (1980). Work Redesign. Reading, MA: Addison-wesley publishing company Inc. 6. web1: http://semco. locaweb. com. br/en/content. asp? content=1&contentID=610

Personal Management Skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Personal Management Skills - Essay Example Working on improving your self improvement skills is a life-long process since the more someone improves the skills the more they succeed in business. There are a number of self management skills that are very crucial in determining the future of anyone’s career or business. One such skill is personal time management skills, which help in making sure that all urgent tasks are done in time, especially when there is little time at one’s disposal. There is also motivation which is the driving force for one’s desire to succeed in a particular field. A person also needs adequate self discipline that will ensure that they are true to themselves and true to their principles. In addition, one needs to be emotionally stable so as to rationally respond to both anger and good news. Strategic thinking is also important since it helps focus in the future by appropriately planning all the actions affecting one in their career. One also needs an analytical mind to ensure timely evaluation of the validity of opinions and ideas. Another important skill is intelligence, which guides one in not only calculating logical arguments but also in processing them in time. Upholding of professional ethics is another important skill. ... 110-114). I strongly believe in my personal management skills and as such equally believe in my ability to succeed in my career of choice. My career objective is to open a firm that offers legal advice as well as final guidance to both private and private organizations. I am well aware of the skills required of me to succeed in field of choice. First, one has to pursue a degree in a relevant course at the university. In addition to this degree, internship in a busy firm before opening your own firm is very crucial. One also needs to be well equipped with relevant analytical skills. Communication skills are also a crucial component of the most important skills. In the legal field, one is required to possess sound judgemental skills, and be able to effectively work in teams. Moreover, one needs to have a deep knowledge of the various concepts in law, and be able to understand emerging law concepts with ease and accuracy. To wrap it all, one needs to be very organized in how they work a nd how they assign duties to people that work under them. This is to make sure that there is neither confusion nor duplication of duties (Institute of Personnel Management and Development, 2003, pp. 157, 292, 305). Therefore, in order to achieve my dream I believe I should possess at least most of the skills listed above. I am already pursuing an undergraduate degree in a business related field. After my first degree I plan to pursue a Masters degree in Finance and Accounting. I strongly believe that the two degrees will fully equip me to confidently handle the financial matters that will be presented to me at work. The Masters degree, for instance, will provide me with a deep knowledge in the subject matter as well as equip me

The Articles of Confederation Versus the Constitution Assignment - 9

The Articles of Confederation Versus the Constitution - Assignment Example In order to understand the differences between these two historical and pivotal documents is to discuss them more deeply and individually. The Articles of Confederation were enacted in March of 1781 and were maintained until 1789, nearly 8 years to the day (Kelly). The Articles were chosen as ideal for a fledgling and inexperienced government to have a better chance of winning the Revolutionary War and defeating the British forces. However, many of the colony’s settlers had a negative experience with governments who had too much power and control and no real experience in the forming of government (Morgan 1). They specifically wanted a government with limited power. Many commented that the Articles of Confederation were essentially a â€Å"friendship agreement† between the 13 original colonies in the war against a shared enemy (Painter 3-4). The Constitution replaced the Articles in 1789. The Constitution was considered to be a â€Å"progressive† document; one th at represented a long term government that was different than those the settlers left behind. This is one of the first things that separate the Articles and the Constitution. The Articles intended to facilitate a favorable end to the war and the latter was intended to develop a long term, stable government structure (Winkler 1). However, the differences go much deeper.  There are several specific differences between the two documents. First, in the Articles, the individual states are sovereign and not accountable to the federal government, whereas the Constitution shares the powers between states and the federal government.

Organizational beilefs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organizational beilefs - Essay Example The employees have been guided to follow the instructions of the organizational leaders because they are primarily responsible for taking decisions and their subordinates have to follow them. Employees are not recommended to challenge the decision of the leader because it will create a rift and organizational functionality will suffer. However, if employees are interested to bring change in the company then they are strongly suggested to follow the process of change management but again in order to do that they need support of the top management and therefore, usually they have to shut their mouths and keep on doing what are asked to do. I have worked with a news agency which was operating to report and partially analyzed developments of American stock exchanges. The job was a hectic and rather painful one too. I started to the job with great level of enthusiasm as it was my first placement. My energies ran out after working for three months. The most fundamental and important cause of my disinterest stemmed out of my suffering of psychological contract breach as I started to think that my efforts, energies and intellect were being wasted as I work for this particular organization. The job was challenging and therefore, needed a significant level of struggle on my part but the organizational leadership was not willing to recognize my contributions to a certain level because they had to pay me more which they were unwilling to do at that point in time. The basic organizational belief was to work in order to exploit people and the organization was notorious for not striking the balance between one’s efforts and compensation. I on the other hand believed that the company must benefit the workers so that a viable, reasonable and acceptable level of social exchange can be forged between an employer and its employees. The company was operating in an entirely different way. Secondly, the leader of the organization told me that they are

The Perestroika Deception Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Perestroika Deception - Research Paper Example â€Å"It is also the world’s largest country in terms of area, described to be nearly twice the size of the United States. 1 It has also the biggest nuclear arsenals in the world. The Chernobyl Nuclear Plant Accident in 1986 is just one of its nuclear plants.2 â€Å"Its national language is Russian. Slavs account for the majority of the population.† 3 Russia is also one of those nations that had structural and ideological changes that affected the whole world. One of these radical changes is the what they call â€Å"Perestroika† from the derivative word Russian perestroika : pere-, around, again (from Old Russian) + stroika, construction (from stroit', to build , from Old Russian stroiti , from stroji, order)3 . Comes with Perestroika is the word â€Å" Glasnost† which means â€Å"openness†. 4 â€Å"In communist regimes crises are usually hidden from the outside world; because of the absence of democratic processes and the suppression of internal opposition, popular political, social, and economic discontents accumulate and threaten to develop into serious upheavals or revolts of the entire population against the system as a whole.† 5 There are lots of questions and debates which remain unanswered about Perestroika. For example, the â€Å"Perestroika Deception† is like an opened pandora’s box by Anatoliy Golitsyn who warns of an imminent threat from communist community which strategizes to bring all countries (communist and non-communist countries) into One-World Order of Communism? or is it just a political structural policy to shape domestic issues? Did Russia actually benefit from it or not? These are just some questions which this paper would like to try to gather and present some answers. 1 â€Å"Moscow-Rich in Russia- Facts & Stats†, Oct. 2003. Frontline World. Available from http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/moscow/facts.html 2 â€Å" Russian History Timeline. History Timelines. [da tabase online], n.d. http://www.history-timelines.org.uk/places-timelines/36-russian-history-timeline.htm 3 â€Å"Perestroika’s Root Word†, American Heritage Dictionary, http://www.answers.com/topic/perestroika ( accessed April 01,2011) 4 â€Å"Glasnost†, Britannica Concise Encyclopedia, http://www.answers.com/topic/glasnost (accessed April, 03, 2011) 5 Anatoliy Golitsyn, New Lies For Old:The Communist Strategy of Deception and Disinformation http://www.spiritoftruth.org/newlies4old.pdf (accessed April 03, 2011) Thesis Statement The centerpiece of this paper is â€Å"Perestroika†. However, Perestroika is being presented from two points of view. The first point of view would come from the point of view of a Western critic as he perceives it from what Mikhail Gorbachev would like people to perceive. The second point of view is a radical twist from what it is being showcased to the world as revealed by a high KGB official and defector in the person of Anatol iy Golitsyn. He claims that Perestroika is a huge deception of the communist bloc and is just part of a bigger grand strategy of the World Communist community intended to defeat existing countries with the ideologies of democracy. This paper seeks to present in a logical and chronological manner how events have build up from its roots up to how it was uncovered. This paper intends to present the following: one is, to reveal the real issues about Perestroika as showcased to the world against its part of deception; second, is to identify and

FM demodulation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

FM demodulation - Essay Example The PLL has a voltage-controlled oscillator, a phase detector, and a low pass filter connected in a feedback loop. The input voltage determines the frequency of oscillation at the output of the VCO (Sedra 1998). This fosc is equal to the intermediate frequency fi required to be 470 kHz in this case. The circuit is built on a proto board according to the block diagram shown fig1 bellow; The components required are; CD 4046 CMOS Phase-Lock Loop (PLL) integrated circuit Resistors of values; 1k, 10k, 18k (2). Capacitors of values; 0.1?F, 0.01?F, 3900pF and, Breadboard. The actual circuit is realized according to the circuit shown in fig 2 bellow. The circuit components in the PLL providing a centre frequency of 470 kHz are determined according to the equation, fosc = 1/2Ð ¿RC. Therefore 470000Hz*2Ð ¿ = 1/RC and taking R = 100K then 1/C =470000* 2Ð ¿*100000= 3.386pF and the preferred value is 3400nf. The capture range is given by 2fc=1/Ð ¿ (2Ð ¿fL/R1)1/2 and for audio the maximum ran ge is 20 kHz and R1 = 1k therefore the frequency of the filter is given by; (2*20000*Ð ¿) 2 = 2Ð ¿fL/R1 fL= (2*2000*Ð ¿)2*1000/2Ð ¿ = 25.136 GHz and so the filter components are obtained as shown bellow; 25.136*109 = 1/2Ð ¿RfCf and with Rf taken as 18K then Cf = 1/ (25.136*109*2Ð ¿*18000) = 35176.4pF The lock in range is given by fmax – fmin and; fmin= 1/R2(C1+32PF) = 1/10000(3900+32)*10^-12 = 25432.35Hz fmax = 1/R1(C1+32PF) + fmin = 1/1000(3900+32)*10^-12 +25432.35 = 279755.85 Hz Hence lock in range = 254323.5 Hz. Also, capture range 2fc = (2K0fpVDD)1/2 K0 =VDD/2= 15/2 =7.5 2fc = (2*7.5*25432.5*15)1/2 = 7564.6Hz Discussion Did the loop demodulate NBFM? The loop demodulates narrow band FM that occupies the frequency range of 0-15kHz as this frequency range lies within the capture range and the lock range of the circuit. Could it be used to demodulate WBFM without any alteration? The loop demodulate the wide band FM as the low pass filter above has a value of 25.136 GHz, which is well above the capture range of WBFM, which is customarily around 10.7 MHz with a system bandwidth of 200 kHz. This bandwidth is within the centre frequency range of 470 kHz (Alencar 2005) What happened to the lock-in and capture range when the loop components were altered? The capture range is low if the cut off frequency of the filter is lower; this is achieved by varying the filter components i.e. using large filter capacitance, and resistor values. On the other hand, the capture range is made large by using lower values of filter components thereby increasing the cut off frequency (Carlson 2002). A wider capture range is desirable as it enables demodulation of WBFM while a small capture range is desirable as it enables the attenuation of high frequency components thereby improving the signal to noise ratio of the system. The lock-in range follows the above relation, as it is also directly proportional to the filter cut off frequency. How would you modify the PLL in ord er to demodulate WBFM? From the relation of WBFM, 2fc = (2K0fpVDD)0.5 it is seen that the capture range 2fc is directly

Analyzing Crime Trends Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Analyzing Crime Trends - Essay Example Lastly, the overall crime rate in Kent, Washington was 606.9 in 2005, and it systematically reduced to 518.8 in 2008 (Kent City Police Department n.p). It is evident from the data above that Rochester City, New York had the highest number of crime rate and Santa Clarita, California had the least number of crime rate. Additionally, there was a general reduction in crime rates for all the five cities. One of the key reasons for the reduction, in crime rates in these five cities, is the implementation of a more decentralized community policing strategy that is characterized by openness to try out new techniques of protecting the cities and statistical analysis (Boba-Santos 87). Additionally, most States have ensured that majority of hard core criminals and offenders have been prosecuted and placed in jail. Incarceration has ensured that majority of crime offenders have been placed out of streets thus the reduction in crime rate (Boba-Santos 91). Demographics have also contributed in reducing crime rates in these cities. Statistics indicates that young people commit criminal offense more than the elderly (Clark 67). Therefore, the State governments have created a number of social activities that target youths thus keeping them busy. This has also reduced crime rate drastically. Local policy in these cities has also improved surveillance (Siegel 104). Cameras are everywhere in the streets thus making it difficult to commit a crime (Clark 73). In summary, crime rates have reduced in the United States, and this is evident in the data provided for the five cities. This is particularly attributed to a the change of local policy in different cities and

Deforestation Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Deforestation Crisis - Essay Example However, money has influenced activities that lead to deforestation. In the US landowners are lured by the money generated from logging. They have sold forested acres to logging companies and developers aim at building housing complexes to form urban sprawl. Kenya is a periphery country, which according to world’s system theory, may be controlled by other states and has the weak central government. Just like other periphery countries, it depends on and exports raw materials to the superior states known as the core countries. However, Kenya suffers from deforestation just like the US. Over 100,000 hectares of its largest Mau forest is a victim of deforestation. The largest driver of deforestation in the region is the growing demand for construction timber due to infrastructural development in the country. However, factors like the need for charcoal fuel, expanding farming land and demand for settlement have also contributed to the deforestation in Kenya (Spilsbury 12). Kenya an d United State of America have correspondingly taken steps to help restrain the issue of deforestation. For instance, both governments have passed strict rules regulating the harvesting of trees in the forest and tough penalties for those who disobey the rules (Spilsbury 32). Similarly, the non-governmental organizations have also joined in the fight to curb deforestation in the two countries. The Green Belt Movement founded by the Nobel Prize winner Wangari Mathai has played a huge part in reducing deforestation of the Mau forest in Kenya.